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4 - The Inhospitality of the Global North: Deleuze, Neo-colonialism and Conflict-caused Migration
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- By Don Johnston
- Edited by Anindya Sekhar Purakayastha, Kazi Nazrul University, West Bengal, Saswat Samay Das, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
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- Book:
- Deleuze and Guattari and Terror
- Published by:
- Edinburgh University Press
- Published online:
- 25 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2022, pp 84-103
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- Chapter
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Summary
Even in the recent violent and wretched history of Iraq, the year 2014 stands out. As DAESH forces swept through parts of Iraq, seizing the second largest city, Mosul, in early June, an estimated 500,000 people fled their homes to escape ethnic and sectarian persecution, murder and enslavement (OCHA 2014). As overwhelming as that movement of people was for both the people and government of Iraq, that was not the worst of it. The nadir was to come in the first days of August when DAESH forces attempted to wipe the Yezidi people from the pages of history. Holding Yezidi communities in the area of Sinjar under siege for weeks, DAESH forces first abducted the women and girls. Those who remained in the besieged communities had the options of either converting to DAESH’s jihadist, Salafist version of Wahhabi Sunni Islam, or being killed. Those who could, fled. Seeking safety in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, tens of thousands of families made for the city of Dohuk. Thousands of others became trapped on the rocky massif of Mount Sinjar by encircling DAESH forces. On Monday, 4 August 2014, and for several days thereafter, a weary stream of people filed from horizon to opposite horizon along the road leading into the Kurdish region of Iraq as Nineveh province was being emptied of humanity. Some walked. Some families drove. Many more sat packed in the backs of lorries or pick-up trucks, their hands clutching small children and the few belongings they had managed to bring with them. Others pushed their failed cars across the bridge over the Tigris at Faysh Khabur.
As if in the midst of some slow-moving, apocalyptic marathon, Iraqi Red Crescent volunteers handed out sandwiches and bottles of water to the hungry hands moving past them. After crossing the bridge over the Tigris many families stopped and sat on the berm. Their faces showed relief, anguish, confusion. Having escaped the violence behind them, they now faced an uncertain future. Their plans had not extended past reaching safety. That accomplished, they did not know what to do, or where to go. Eerie calm reigned.
This belied the frenzy of the residents of the nearby city of Dohuk, some of whom were speaking by mobile phone to those trapped on Mount Sinjar.
4 - The Constraints in Accessing Credit Faced by Rural Non-Farm Enterprises
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- By Andi Ikhwan, Don Edwin Johnston Jr, Scale for Mercy Corps
- Edited by Neil McCulloch
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- Book:
- Rural Investment Climate in Indonesia
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 21 October 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 February 2009, pp 86-109
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Summary
Introduction: The Importance of Credit
International evidence suggests that access to credit is important for firm performance and growth. For example, Vogelgesang's (2001) study on the impact of micro-credit on productivity and growth of borrowers in Bolivia showed that those borrowers with larger numbers of loans and greater average values of loans than in their previous loans had a higher rate of growth than did other borrowers. An analysis of cross-section data on sales revenues showed that borrowers who had previously taken loans experienced greater increases in sales revenues than did others with a given level of assets.
Similar results have been found in Indonesia. For example BRI and the Center for Business and Government, JFK School of Government, Harvard University (2001) showed that the businesses of customers of BRI Units’ Rural General Credit (Kredit Umum Pedesaan, KUPEDES) showed better performance over the previous five years than did non-KUPEDES-customer respondents. In all such studies, strict causality — i.e., does credit cause enterprise success, or do successful firms get credit? — is difficult to establish, but it is also somewhat beside the point. There can be no doubt that credit can and does help increase the growth rate of the substantial proportion of firms that are ready to grow and also plays a useful role in improving the investment and consumption patterns of households with stable businesses but more limited enterprise growth prospects.
This chapter presents an analysis of the constraints to credit access facing rural non-farm enterprises (RNFEs) in Indonesia and of the extent to which these constraints inhibit enterprise growth. The map for this chapter is as follows:
(i) An Overview of Financial Services Available to RNFEs. This section provides a brief snapshot of the institutions and financial services available to RNFEs in Indonesia.
(ii) Is Financing a Problem? This section discusses the extent of credit constraints for households and small businesses.
(iii) The Nature of Credit Constraints. This section contains a discussion of the factors that constrain non-farm enterprises’ access to credit, from the perspective of both borrowers and lenders.
(iv) Policy Recommendations. This section presents recommendations for action, prioritizing interventions that are likely to have the greatest impact on enterprise growth.